A Massachusetts Institute of Technology team discovered a way to shut down brain activity using flashes of yellow and blue lasers.They hope to adjust this to switch off neurons that generate an electrical impulse abnormally, causing seizures.This could help experts understand how the brain works and, ultimately, offer treatment targets, Nature reports.The work relies on two genes found in natural organisms like algae that need light to make energy.

Illuminating

These genes, known as Arch and Mac, contain the genetic code for light-activated proteins.The MIT team engineered brain neurons to express Arch and Mac.By doing this, they were able to control the brain cells of mice and monkeys using light.Light activates proteins which, in turn, lowers the voltage in the neurons and prevents them from generating an electrical signal, known as firing.Arch responds to blue light, Mac to yellow, and both recover afterwards.

Now the researchers plan to closely examine the neural circuits of the brain in the lab to find targets that, when shut down, could treat epilepsy as well as other conditions including Parkinson's disease and chronic pain.Ed Boyden, who led the research, said: "Silencing different sets of neurons with different colours of light allows us to understand how they work together to implement brain functions.

"These tools will help us understand how to control neural circuits, leading to new understandings and treatments for brain disorders."Although the work has involved animals, it should shed light on what is happening in humans, he said. Professor Gero Miesenbock of Oxford University has been using the same technology in his research, which has included studying memory formation in fruit flies.

He has said the technology is "beginning to yield previously unattainable insight" into the organisation and regulation of the neural circuits of the brain, and the link between patterns of cellular activity and behaviour.

This article was first published in  www.news.bbc.co.uk